The Holocaust In Rwanda History Essay

The Holocaust In Rwanda History Essay The Holocaust was, without question, one of the defining events of the 20th Century and its legacy left an indelible mark upon subsequent attempts to come to terms with issues of genocide and mass murder. Whilst the Holocaust is the most well-known case of genocide, the systematic extermination of groups of people or entire societies both pre-dates 1945 and has also played a fundamental part in international politics since the end of the Second World War. The formation of the United Nations helped to legally define the concept of genocide and Fatsah Ouguergouz shows that Article II of the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide enumerates a number of acts which committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such constitute the international crime of genocide (Ouguergouz 2003: pp.216). However, despite greater efforts to understand and combat the problem of genocide the post-1945 world has proven itself incapable of eliminating genocide. The Holocaust might be the most glaring example of genocide before 1945, but there is a strong case to be made for the argument that the Rwandan genocide a serious episode since the end of the Cold War. This essay will examine whether the Rwandan experience displays points of comparison to the Holocaust and to what extent a comparison is a valid historical line of enquiry. There have been a number of historians that have sought to locate common themes in the Jewish and Rwandan experience of genocide. One concept that is often applied to the Holocaust and the case of Rwanda that is argued to mark them out from other instances of genocide is the idea of total genocide. Robert Melson draws a distinction between what he refers to as partial genocide, which is the use of mass murder in order to coerce and to alter the identity or the politics of a group, not to destroy it and total genocide, which means to do away with a group entirely (Melson 1996: pp.28). Mark Levene argues that both in the case of the Holocaust and Rwanda one can argue that total genocide was being practised by the perpetrators and that it was not simply a conscious attempt to mass murder targeted groups as groups, but, so far as it was possible to do so, to the point of their complete annihilation (Levene 2005: pp.66). The concept of total genocide to the Holocaust and to Rwanda is impo rtant to consider when thinking about both cases. Indeed, the term Final Solution is synonymous with an approach seeking to exterminate an entire group of people and Friedlander shows that for Hermann Goring the final solution was also a total solution (Friedlander 1997: pp.284). Christian Scherrer argues that Rwanda can similarly only be understood as a situation of final solution and total genocide and he argues that this is the only possible starting point for understanding Rwandan realities as they are today (Scherrer 2002: pp.169). In other words, the explicit aim of the Nazis was to remove entirely the presence of Jewish people from the face of the earth and the parallels with the case of Rwanda are clear. The relentless drive by Hutu extremists and militias to eliminate the entire Tutsi population originated in large part from the belief that the solution to Rwandas problems was to eliminate the entire Tutsi population (Twagilimana 1997: pp.50). Conceptualising of the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide with reference to the n otion of total genocide, therefore, appears to be justified in relation to the intentions of the Nazis and the Hutu. ************* difference= brith of the hatred. R the division was created by the colonists (French and Belgians), by defining differences in characteristics between the Hutu and Tutsi and creating a hierarchical system for the possession of such traits, which essentially gave rise to hatred and segregation in Rwandan population. Whereas anti-Semitism has been in existence for centuries (PROOF) Another comparison that can be drawn between the Holocaust and the Rwandan experience of genocide is the innocence of the victims. Lemarchand argues that Tutsi and Jews share a sense of victimhood for which here are few other parallels in recent or past history and that Jews across the world, and the state of Israel in particular, heavily empathise with the Rwandan experience (Lemarchand 2005: pp.145). A former Rwandan government official states the Rwandan genocide and the Holocaust were the same as both killed innocent people based on their race, religion or convictions (Eltringham 2004: pp.54). ADD: how both Rwandans and the jewish populattions were both victims. DIFFERNCE: Rwandan killed their own population Whereas the germans gesapto aswell as SS were recuited to simply exterminate the Jewish popution. DIFFERENCE: GERMANS BELIEFES: Aryan race, and the hatred and anilations of Jews, the disabled, old people. Whereas tin Rwanda the hatred spiralled via the post colonialidt. One common experience shared by both Jews and Tutsi that make their anguish particularly raw was the fact that in both cases the international community was slow to respond to the mounting evidence of genocide against their peoples. The American and other allied governments certainly knew of the genocide being committed against the Jews by the Nazis, but the reality of the situation was that these governments believed that they had other more vital interests that needed to be pursued elsewhere. In other words, in the context of a World War, saving the Jewish people from extermination was low on their list of priorities. This was to an extent true even of American Jews and in a speech in 1991 the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir said that the memory of inaction during World War Two was heavy on the conscience of American Jews (Novick 2000: pp.39). The Rwandan experience and the Holocaust share another similarity in this sense, Destexhe argues that the Western world was very slow to recognise what was happening in Rwanda and even more reluctant to call the atrocities in the country genocide (Destexhe 1995: pp.32). It took three weeks from 6 April a long time in the world of CNN-style news before editorials finally began comparing the situation in Rwanda with Germany under Nazism and referring to it as a genocide (Destexhe 1995: pp.32). Taylor agrees with this assessment arguing that the West was largely uninterested in the unfolding chaos in Rwanda (Taylor 1999: pp.4). How poorly the world powers read the situation. But for that matter, did a sincere desire really exist at the time to understand it? (Taylor 1999: pp.4). Taylor claims that the United States was weary of intervention during this period and that only France and Belgium had any pressing interests in Rwanda. Another element of commonality is highlighted by Traverso, one that might be regarded as a feature that separates the genocides in Rwanda and in Germany (Traverso 1999: pp.74). Traverso focuses upon the industrial nature of the killing both in Germany and in Rwanda and whilst the operations of the Nazis are often characterised in this fashion it is less common to conceive of the Rwandan genocide in such terms (Traverso 1999: pp.74). The mobile killing units had precursors in the Ottoman Empire and epigones in Rwanda and Bosnia and therefore he argues that the Jewish genocide constitutes a paradigm of modern barbarism (Traverso 1999: pp.74). The weaponry that the Hutu used in order to commit their crimes might have been no more sophisticated than the simple machete, but this is not Traversos point (Traverso 1999: pp.74). He argues that the sophistication is to be found in the level of planning and organisation undertaken by both Nazi and Hutu leaders and that this is where the industr ial and modern spectre of the genocide is to be located (Traverso 1999: pp 74). Differences between the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide An important difference between the Rwandan experience and the Holocaust was the extent to which ideology influenced the perpetrators of the crime. Smith identifies the centrality of ideological currents in the Nazi genocide (Smith 2002: pp.153). According to Smith, ideology glorifies the perpetrators group by assigning to that group a special historical or religious mission. It demeans the victims group by assigning to its members many negative and often nonhuman characteristics (Smith 2002: pp.153). Ideology certainly played an important role in the Holocaust and there were a number of Hutu intellectuals who advocated more extreme forms of action against the Tutsi, but as Lemarchand argues the role of ideology was fundamentally different in both cases (Gellately 2003: pp.331). According to Lemarchand, whereas the Holocaust is the classic example of an ideological genocide, rooted in the most stridently racist ideology, the Rwanda genocide is better seen as the byproduct of the mort al threats posed to the revolutionary Hutu-dominated state by the RPF (Lemarchand 2005: pp.148). The Rwandan genocide is therefore better understood as resulting from a Hutu population that felt itself to be under threat from the Tutsi, rather than from any driving ideological imperatives. The difficulties of comparing the Holocaust and Rwanda However, a number of historians are not comfortable with drawing parallels between the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide. Lemarchand argues that analysing genocide comparatively is inherently problematic and claims that each instance of genocide must be investigated on a singular basis. Lemarchand does not fundamentally disagree with the notion that there are similarities between the two experiences, but argues that a comparative analysis is dangerous (Lemarchand 2005: pp.143). To treat Rwanda as the carbon copy of the Holocaust is likely to obscure its historical specificity and regional context, and ultimately lead to a misunderstanding of the motivations behind the killings (Lemarchand 2005: pp.143). Eltringhams comparative examination of the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide encounters similar difficulties and finds that a comparison of the suffering in both cases is ultimately futile (Eltringham 2004: pp.56). Both Tutsi and Jews have suffered, but in a different manner and for different reasons (Eltringham 2004: pp.56). There may, therefore, be similarities between the experiences of Jews and Tutsi during the their respective genocides, but the entire comparative paradigm is irretrievably flawed and as a result any attempt to draw sustained parallels between Germany and Rwanda is always likely to end in failure. In conclusion while it is possible to display points of comparison between the Rwandan genocide and the Holocaust, such a comparison must be approached with caution. One can argue that conceiving of the Holocaust and Rwanda as examples of total genocide is legitimate and that the industrial nature of the killing as well as the inaction on the part of the international community all point to a clear line of similarity between the two experiences. However, it is clear that a point of comparison between any two genocides is difficult, if not impossible task. The multitude of factors that cause genocide to take place in any given country are enormously complex and critically depend upon the context from which they emerge.(ADD: The colonists created the divde between the population, whereas anti semitsim has existed for centuries. Therefore, to argue that the Rwandan genocide is a modern-day example of the Holocaust is a misplaced argument, because it does not appreciate the many points o f difference that existed in the two respective cases. Ultimately, one should be careful when drawing points of comparison between the Final Solution and the Rwandan genocide for precisely this reason. ADD: How the rwandan hutu leader sought inspiration from Hitler, he watched films related to Hitler and searched for tips .

A New Beauty Plastic Surgery Media Essay

A New Beauty Plastic Surgery Media Essay The human desire to appear attractive has been universal ever since mankind can remember. People have been looking for the secret of beauty and youth throughout history and in all parts of the world. Both men and women went through many things to perfect their beauty. Many people consider the desire to be beautiful as a universal issue, but what is often overlooked is that the definition of beauty is always different. Beauty in a way depends on where and when a person is. Since beauty is only a matter of what is beautiful in the eye of the beholder, it depends on one s culture and socialization. The progress in plastic surgery, like in most of the medical discoveries, has grown enormously for hundreds of years. It was not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that the specialty forged ahead scientifically. Because of the awful injuries it often inflicted on its participants, war was the driving force behind most plastic surgery developments during the late 1800s and early 1900 s. In fact it was the war that catapulted plastic surgery into a new and higher realm. Cosmetic plastic surgery is performed in order to change one s appearance and opinions and ideas of it have never stopped growing as well. Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. For some, it may mean redesigning the body s contour and shape, the elimination of wrinkles, or eliminating balding areas.. While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic surgery also includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. The word plastic derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mould or to shape; not because of its use of plastic in any way. Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures; congenital abnormalities; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance. The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women increased in 2007 by 2 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men also increased in 2007 by 7 percent. Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent. Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Free flaps of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. Aesthetic plastic surgery involves techniques intended for the enhancement of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal. In 2006, nearly 11 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business.[7] Because human beings have always sought out self-fulfillment through self-improvement, plastic surgery may be one of the world s best solution for this universal problem. According to the Plastic Surgery Information Service, there is written medical evidence that cites medical treatment for facial injuries for over 4000 years. Physicians, in ancient India, were utilizing skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as 800 BC. Furthermore, the driving force behind most plastic surgery development was to repair awful and quite serious war injuries in the 1900 s. There were shattered jaws and blown off noses which required innovative restorative procedures. There was much good news to report to the American people in the post war days of the 1950. As with other areas of science and medicine, plastic surgery discoveries were happening at break-neck speeds, often derived from innovations tested in hospitals of Korea. Cosmetic surgery took off here after South Korea s spectacular recovery from its currency crisis a few decades ago. Rising living standards allowed ever-growing numbers of men and women to get the wider eyes, whiter skin and higher nose bridges that define beauty for many here. Improved looks were even seen as providing an edge in this high-pressure society s intense competition for jobs, education and marriage partners. But turmoil coursing through the financial world and then into the global economy has hit South Korea hard, as it has many middle-income countries. The downturn drove down the stock market and the currency by a third or more last year, and the resulting anxiety forced many South Koreans to change their habits. In hard times, people always cut back on luxuries like eating out, jewelry and plastic sur gery, said one plastic surgeon, Park Hyun, who has seen the number of his patients drop sharply. If this is a normal recession, then these desires will eventually get reignited, and our patients will come back. It is hard to measure the exact size of the industry here or the extent of the current downturn because no one keeps exact figures. From a luxury limited to the wealthy a decade ago plastic surgery has become so common that an estimated 30 percent of Korean women aged 20 to 50, or some 2.4 million women, had surgical or nonsurgical cosmetic procedures last year, with many having more than one procedure. That compares with 11.7 million cosmetic procedures performed last year in the United States, according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, meaning that the number of procedures in America is 4.9 times the number in South Korea, though the United States population is more than six times larger. As the 1960 s began, plastic surgery became even more prominent in the minds of the American public as the scope of procedures performed by surgeons increased, along with many scientific developments. A new substance, silicone, began to emerge as an important tool for doctors. Silicone was initially used to treat skin imperfections and is now overly used as a breast implant device. All parts of the human body, it seemed, could benefit from the skill of the plastic surgeon to perfect the body. Liposuction and breast augmentation are the two most frequently requested cosmetic surgery procedures. Liposuction is a process where fat is sucked out of the body while doctors insert large amounts of salt water, lidocaine, and epinephrine into tissue. These drugs reduce blood loss and provide an anestheis. Various cosmetic surgeries including the facelift, necklift, tummy tuck, and arm and thigh lift surgeries require liposuction. Plastic surgeons say that liposuction is quite safe. But resear chers write that liposuction can be fatal, perhaps in part because of lidocaine toxicity of lidocaine-related drug infections. But, there are more risks associated with this operation due to the fact that the fat and its surrounding tissues become dead tissue. If the fat become necrotic from the lack of blood supply the fat tends to turn orange in color and drain from the incision. If this is to occur, the patient must have the tissue removed immediately before an infection spreads. Many doctors agree that liposuction is not the way to loose weight. In actuality not much fat-weight is removed within a single procedure, nor is it safe to do. This operation is meant for people who have serious weight-related heath problems and not just to lose those few last pounds. There was a time when only Hollywood stars had their own plastic surgeon. There was also a time when own a big screen TV or belonging to a health club was an impressive status symbol. But this is a new century, and these d ays, it is not unnatural for many people to visit a plastic surgeon on occasion. As medical technologies have boomed over the past two decades, plastic surgery has made incredible advantages in both reconstructing accidental injuries and congenital deformities and in helping erase the marks, wrinkles and sags of encroaching age. Whether it is fixing a portion of the body to make it look normal or improving the normal features of the body to make it look even more aesthetically pleasing, the goal of the plastic surgeon is to help the patients to look and feel good about him or herself. It has seen an amazing growth in popularity in recent years. These days men and women discuss having nose jobs, facelifts, and tummy tucks as if it was normal everyday activity. More importantly there is a rather disturbing underlying issue among us: Why is our society conducting such surgery in the first place? It seems now as we turn through an issue of almost every magazine we see beautiful men and women all with perfect bodies and flawless faces. The issue over Americas poor sel f esteem and body image explains why so many people are having such cosmetic surgeries; they simple do not live up to society s so-called standards. According to an article published by Today, as any good plastic surgeon will stress, plastic surgery shouldn t be done to impress others but to make you feel good about yourself. More and more people are using cosmetic surgery to improve their self-image rather that other more healthy methods to improve body image or lose weight. Instead of advertising cosmetic surgery as the simple and practical way to become beautiful, our society needs to focus on reality. Todays advertisements constantly remind us that wrinkles are now not only unacceptable signs of aging, but are rather simple manifestations that can be prevented and corrected. It seems that this millenniums fountain of youth is technological and restores youthful appearance with scientific and medical know-how. Statistics show that use of such age-defying measures is growing each year among women and men. Over the course of the twentieth century, improvements in sanitation, healthcare, and nutrition dramatically increased the average lifespan in the United States. At present, it is for the most part taken for granted that an average American will live beyond the middle years. Americans no longer focus simply on living longer; we want to live better, look better as we age. Science, medicine, and other fields aim to make this goal possible by slowing our biological clocks, fighting the diseases of age, and restoring our sense of youth. Many gerontologists and related practitioners now focus on positive aging rather than ugly concept emphasizing the problems of aging, with the goal of providing alternative representations of later life and challenging against stereotypes. Indeed, many forces are currently working to alter the experience and image of aging in order to improve what aging feels like as well as what aging looks like. Plastic surgery possesses a longer history than nonsurgical anti-aging procedures, dating back to the Renaissance at least. Initial increases in plastic surgery were primarily due to the epidemic of syphilis that occurred in Europe in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In twentieth-century America, wartime doctors used cosmetic surgery to remove the marks of battle and allow veterans to pass as the everyday citizens they had been. This practice provided legitimacy to and invoked widespread interest in the benefits of cosmetic surgery. What began as a situational medical procedure has since become a mass marketed, profit-driven industry. Todays recipients of plastic surgery undergo the procedures to pass as more sexy, fit, and desirable. In the case of and-aging surgeries, however, individuals alter their appearance to pass as younger than they are, though of course they can never actually become younger or effect a reversal of the calendar. Many critics argue that recipients of and-aging surgery rarely succeed in passing anyway?they wind up looking weird rather than young. Still, statistics show that reducing the signs of aging through cosmetic surgery has become an increasingly popular and profitable. Americans spend near $12.5 billion on cosmetic procedures in 2004 (American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2004). Of these procedures, two of the top five surgeries in each gender group specifically targeted signs of aging: eyelid surgery and facelift for women, eyelid surgery and hair transplantation for men. People ages 35-50 underwent 45 percent of total procedures, those 51-64 underwent 25 percent (ASAPS, 2004). It seems that many aging Americans believe that looking younger is looking better, and they hope to improve their self-image and enjoy more favorable social outcomes through surg ical alteration. Here, surgery passes for self improvement and a viable step in the American pursuit of happiness. Why do so many Americans feel the need to retain youthful appearances? Changes in economicand employment patterns, the rise of image-based media (TV, film, ads), and the growing significance of consumer identities each contributes to a cultural desire for youth and to negative feelings toward old age. In a capitalist culture, reflecting a youthful, vital appearance may enable workers to be identified as desirable employees and to retain their corporate value (and jobs) a little longer. Images in the media compound this perceived need to reflect youth. In the case of women, it does not require deep analysis to notice that young models and actresses outnumber middle-aged and older models and actresses in popular media. Television and film content is filled with women in their 20s and 30s blessed with beauty and romantic opportunities. Representations in lifestyle and beauty advertisements also could lead one to believe that women over the age of 40 have less of a social and romantic life and are not a part of the definition of beauty. In the past few years, talk of plastic surgery has left the privacy of the physicians office and entered the public domain. Celebrities now openly discuss procedures they have undergone. Entire television series exist around the subject of aesthetic procedures including ABCS Extreme Makeover and FiCs Nip/Tuck. Popular networks FOX, Vhi, E!, TLC, and MTV also air programs dedicated to the subject. So-called reality-based programs attempt to provide viewers with a glimpse of real people like themselves undergoing plastic surgery and suggest that anyone can do it. With increased representations of aesthetic enh ancements and new images of aging, the cultural climate has changed. Looking young is looking good, and technologically or surgically achieving a younger look is socially acceptable. Under such cultural conditions, who would want to look old, and why should one not use the technologies available to enhance his or her aging appearance? Americans do not always trust the messages of the media, but they do trust the opinions and recommendations of their healthcare providers. Physicians could tell older people that they look just fine, that a change in appearance with aging is normal and acceptable and to go home. But if they do, they may disappoint their patients or, more personally, sacrifice profit from out-of-pocket procedures and product sales. Some physicians contend that if they can help a patient feel better through aesthetic changes, it is just cause and falls within their job description. In this view, feeling better about aging is indeed aging positively, and this is the ultimate goal?even if it means changing what aging looks like. Plastic surgery has been, and always will continue to be, a controversial subject in many ways. Plastic surgery has become increasingly common today for a variety of reasons, and countless individuals are consulting cosmetic surgeons with the hopes of looking the way they have always dreamed of looking. Reconstructive surgery is a wonderful gift to those born with birth defects, or those scarred or maimed by an accident of some sort. Today however, the increasing trend of plastic surgery is leaning toward the cosmetic factor. Plastic, cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries all have an important psychological dimension in the U.S. Many people in Western societies place a great deal of importance on physical importance. Plastic surgery can effect an individual s emotional state tremendously. It is easy to have the breasts you want, to have smoother skin, to have extra fat removed from your stomach and thighs, and to have numerous other body parts augmented or amended. The physical effec ts of plastic surgery are truly amazing. Many people claim that their lives have changed for the better because of cosmetic surgical enhancements. These enhancements have restored their confidence and created a brand new self-image for them. They actually feel better, and doesn t that make it worth it? There are drawbacks, however. While reconstructive surgery gives people the chance to look what is deemed normal again, doesn t cosmetic surgery teach us that, for the most part, looks are the most important physical aspect in our society? From this aspect, the emotional effects of plastic surgery on society can be harrowing. What do you see when you look in the mirror? Do you see yourself or do you see the results of modern day surgery? Plastic surgery has given people the opportunity to change their entire appearance, and has taken the word makeover to a whole new height. It seems that everywhere you go people are using plastic surgery to change their physical appearance. Although t his may sound great, the truth behind all the hype isnt so wonderful. Many of the unfortunate few that see the downsides of plastic surgery can not do anything to fix their situation. Besides looking at the defects that plastic surgery can cause physically, you must also examine the defects of it from a moral aspect. Do you believe that it is morally right to change the body that God gave you, and to transform that into something youre not? One of the great things about the human race is that there is no one person exactly like yourself, so why do you want to throw away your ability to be who you are, to be someone your not? Finally, the most common reason to go through with this procedure is to make yourself look good, and to try to make others like you. The truth of the matter, however, is that if someone only likes you because of you bought appearance then they dont actually like you, they merely like the results of present day plastic surgery. Instead of worrying about your outside appearance you should concern yourself more with what you are like on the inside rather than what you are like on the outside. Even though plastic surgery may make you look good phy sically, you cant put a price on true beauty, the beauty that comes from within.

Ethics in Nursing Essay -- Deontology, Utilitarianism

Deontology vs. Utilitarianism Deontology is an ethical theory concerned with duties and rights. The founder of deontological ethics was a German philosopher named Immanuel Kant. Kant’s deontological perspective implies people are sensitive to moral duties that require or prohibit certain behaviors, irrespective of the consequences (Tanner, Medin, & Iliev, 2008). The main focus of deontology is duty: deontology is derived from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. A duty is morally mandated action, for instance, the duty never to lie and always to keep your word. Based on Kant, even when individuals do not want to act on duty they are ethically obligated to do so (Rich, 2008). Kant believed consequences were irrelevant and an individual should do as they please at that very moment in time. An example would be a person went to their neighbor’s home while they were gone to turn on the heater so when they returned home it was warm. A consequence to turning on their heater is their house burned down, but according to Kant, since your intentions were good you cannot be at fault. Kant also believed each person has dignity and not to treat others as a means, to one’s personals ends (Rich, 2008). In other words, do not treat others as an instrument to achieve a goal. For example, a researcher that is risking the well-being of an individual participating in an experiment for the sake of finding a drug that may save many lives. Kant made a distinction between two types of duties which are hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. Hypothetical imperatives are rules or duties people ought to observe if certain ends are to be achieved. Hypothetical imperatives are sometimes called â€Å"if-then† imperatives, which are condit... ...tes that fall under claim rights with the exceptions for health care liberty rights (Butts, 2008). Social Federal and state programs will help ensure that their claims will be fulfilled and preserved (Butts, 2008). To put welfare rights into more of a perspective I will provide an example. A woman comes into the emergency room and she is without a doubt in active labor. Even though she does not have medical insurance, the triage nurse will admit her. Here, the hospital has a duty to treat her until delivery of the child is completed. In brief, welfare rights and liberty rights are very important to the nursing profession. As nurses, our duty is to protect the moral rights of our patients always. With liberty rights it is our duty to protect our client’s life, and with welfare right is our duty to rescue our clients from potential dangers or even death. â€Æ'

Changes In History :: essays research papers

In the historical process there have been many changes for the advancement of society. Greece, Europe, and Italy all went through radical changes. Their new styles and remarkable advances led them through the Classical and Renaissance periods. Greece was referred to as Classical Greece during the period of Greek history between 500 B.C.E and 338 B.C.E. This was considered to be a time of brilliant achievement. The Greek culture was certainly changed over this time. The History of the Persian Wars was a work that was considered the first piece if real history in Western Civilization. Many great historians came out of Greece during this time period. Thucydides was one of these great historians. One of his greatest achievements was the History of the Peloponnesian War. Another point to be made about Thucydides was his insight into the human condition. He stated, "It will be enough for me, however, if those who want to understand clearly the events which happened in the past and which (human nature being what it is) will, at some time or another, and in much the same ways, be repeated in the future. Other changes came about in Greece during this time. The Greeks introduced drama. The origins remain to be unclear, but historians believe that it was developed from religious rituals. Tragedy was also intended to educate individuals as well as entertain them. Greek tragedies dealt with problems such as the nature of good and evil, the conflict between spiritual values, and the demands of the state or family, the nature of the divine forces, and the nature of human beings. The arts were also going through changes during the Classical Greece period. The standards established by the Greeks were dominated throughout the Western world. Classical Greek art usually portrayed human beings as the subjects and represented them as objects of great beauty. Greece was not the only place that went through changes. Europe went through a Renaissance period, or a rebirth of learning. Education was provided for the clergy and government officials. The strong will for learning led to a revival among the people. Compared to Greece, Europe did not undergo as many changes; education and the revival of classical studies were the most important. There was an attempt to assimilate and preserve Latin and early Christian culture. Monks were required to copy manuscripts. The practice of scriptoria was introduced during this time.

Ideas for Attention Deficit Disorder :: Teaching Public Education

Ideas for Attention Deficit Disorder Ideas for Attention Deficit Children Children whose attention seems to wander or who never seem to "be with" the rest of the class might be helped by the following suggestions. Pause and create suspense by looking around before asking questions. Randomly pick reciters so the children cannot time their attention. Signal that someone is going to have to answer a question about what is being said. Use the child’s name in a question or in the material being covered. Ask a simple question (not even related to the topic at hand) to a child whose attention is beginning to wander. Develop a private running joke between you and the child that can be invoked to re-involve you with the child. Stand close to an inattentive child and touch him or her on the shoulder as you are teaching. Walk around the classroom as the lesson is progressing and tap the place in the child’s book that is currently being read or discussed. Decrease the length of assignments or lessons. Alternate physical and mental activities. Increase the novelty of lessons by using films, tapes, flash cards, or small group work or by having a child call on others. Incorporate the children’s interests into a lesson plan. Structure in some guided daydreaming time. Give simple, concrete instructions, once. Investigate the use of simple mechanical devices that indicate attention versus inattention. Teach children self monitoring strategies. Use a soft voice to give direction. Employ peers or older students or volunteer parents as tutors. Books and Materials For Helping Kids & Teens With ADHD Strategies for Cognitively Impulsive Children Some children have difficulty staying with the task at hand. Their verbalizations seem irrelevant and their performance indicates that they are not thinking reflectively about what they are doing. Some possible ideas to try out in this situation include the following. Provide as much positive attention and recognition as possible. Clarify the social rules and external demands of the classroom. Establish a cue between teacher and child. Spend personal discussion times with these children emphasizing the similarities between the teacher and child. Get in a habit of pausing 10 to 16 seconds before answering. Probe irrelevant responses for possible connections to the question. Have children repeat questions before answering. Choose a student to be the "question keeper." Using a well known story, have the class orally recite it as a chain story.

Happiest memory Essay

I was given a chance to visit the Himalayas, to one of the concealed places in the province where a panoramic view was preserved. It was very provincial and solemn. Its coniferous and subtropical forests, wetlands, and montane grasslands are as much a part of this world as the inhospitable, frozen mountaintops that tower above. The mountains were the wrinkles of age and pimples of youth on Earth’s crusty outer skin. They rose up as the crust collides, cracks, crumbles, folds, and spews. They dominated their surroundings with towering height. I clearly remember when I was on my way there that the emerald shade produced by the different kinds of trees were smiling and alluring me to join them. However, what I first saw was just superficial compared to its hidden beauty awaiting me, as I explored the place, especially when I went around the surrounding area where the sun ate away the darkness. Since it was miles away from the city, I had to climb up the mountain. But, as I finally reached its zenith, I could step on the fogs as they rose going up to the sky and formed as clouds; I could feel that I was on the top of the world, thus the cold dewdrops touched my toes as they dispersed and went along with the air. After a while, I didn’t know that I still had to clamber down to finally reach another astonishing place. From there, I stayed in my grandfather’s ancestral house. Nearby, I could see the hills planted with rice. Their fronds were swaying and dancing as the wind blew. Some were brimming with the golden yellow grains ready to harvest. At the backyard, an array of different trees weighed down with copious fruits that were mouthwatering. On the other side, were bountiful vegetables watered with love and care. These plants were within a reach which served as our everyday food. The tour guide took me to one part of their place which truly took my breath away; to my surprise, they let me ride at the back of their _Carabao_‎, thus, I felt the tail of it at as it swung from side to side. As I got there, I was amazed at what I saw! The river was crystal clear; the pebbles were like diamonds that glittered in the water. I even felt like bathing in the river and it felt good knowing that the river was unpolluted. I didn’t even see any moss nor trash, instead just dried leaves falling from the trees that surrounded it, but I was oblivious as to where the water took the  leaves as they swam away from my sight. Furthermore at night, the place was covered with darkness since there was no electricity in the place, however, thanks to the moonlight, for it lit the entire place, plus the flashing lights of fireflies were everywhere providing at least a little bit of glow that made the night more beautiful. Gazing upon the sky, I was struck by the darkness of the night, darker than smeared charcoal, small splashes of gold glittering here and there as if an artist had brazenly attempted to light it without aim; smoky grey clouds deteriorate under the florescent silver beams of the moon, as if they were shadows to be banished. The stars were like diamonds illuminated in the sky thus making me realise how spectacular the place was. For me, it was really the best place I have ever been. Whatever I experienced from that place will be kept in my heart and memory forever because I know that it is probably the last time I will see that place as beautiful and conserved as it was. I hope that the people living there will continually take good care of their environment as much as they care and value themselves. My heart pounds and shrieks with some strong attachment as I feel as if there is a powerful force in my soul clinging and digging itself into the mountain, urging me not to let go. I believed that I was protected by the wings of nature and as if I was away from the demands of the mortal world.

Butterflies Essay

               In the name of Allah the most beneficent the most merciful A beautiful scene of dusk depicts a sweet picture of the universe, when the sun sets, and calm and stillness engulfs the loud voices of the day, I often see the birds returning back to their nests. These tiny creatures, lacking the faculty of reasoning and speech, believe that the best place ever found in the world is home. No matter how far we are from our homes, its necessity never diminishes and Mr. President, respectable teachers worthy parents and dear fellows this is the first reason Why I love Pakistan? Pakistan’s creation was no doubt the finest hour of our history our forefathers who had fought for it envisioned the promise of long cherished freedom, democracy and prosperity. It is the country which was created to work for an ideal democratic state based on social justice as an upholder of human freedom and world peace, in which all citizens were to enjoy equal rights and freedom from fear, want and ignorance. Dear fellows, Pakistan my homeland is in fact the land of blessings. Its creation speaks its dignity. History teaches us that how much cherished the dream of Pakistan was and how seriously our fathers fought for it .believe me or not, the most significant reason of loving Pakistan is independence movement itself. I know very well Mr. President that the shackles of slavery snatch all such all creative facilities and the beautiful world a heaven to breathe in, turns into hell without freedom. By the grace of Allah my country, my love, my homeland offers me to enjoy the open air of independence .Being a student I have surfaced the papers of history to know about the grand sacrifices of my forefathers and as humble token I express my gratitude to them by proudly announcing in public that Pakistan I love u . ,And I have millions of reasons to prove that why I love Pakistan? I was wondering a few days ago what Pakistan has done for me and how we react when someth ing happens down there. I am proud to say that Im Muslim, and after my religion I am most proud of the country to which I belong, Pakistan. Here are some facts: Pakistan is the only country to be founded on the basis of Islam Pakistan posseses the 6th largest army in the world today. Pakistan is the single most powerful Muslim country in the world today. Pakistani Air Force and Army personnel train all other Muslim countries, which include most Arab nations today. Pakistan is the only Muslim country that posseses Nuclear power. Pakistan is the bridge between the Middle East and South Asia. Pakistan is one of the oldest civilizations (5000 year known history), it is a mix of cultures Dear guests, I am a Pakistani student and citizen, I believe on unity and, friendship, I have no fear, I can see the bright future of Pakistan. as Quaid said.† There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan†. In end I would pray all of you to love this country as a blessing of God, stand united, guard its identity and geographical boundaries, work day and night for its better and exalted image,. Live like Ghazis and Shaheens of Iqbal, die like martyrs. I want to salute to all national heroes and my teachers on this great day, when ever listen the best name Pakistan always respond Zindabad. Its high time to hold hands and say it out loud.pakistan zindabad.Salute Pakistan.